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====Searle's Chinese room====
{{Main|Chinese room}}
[[John Searle]] asks us to consider a [[thought experiment]]: suppose we have written a computer program that passes the Turing test and demonstrates general intelligent action. Suppose, specifically that the program can converse in fluent Chinese. Write the program on 3x5 cards and give them to an ordinary person who does not speak Chinese. Lock the person into a room and have him follow the instructions on the cards. He will copy out Chinese characters and pass them in and out of the room through a slot. From the outside, it will appear that the [[Chinese room]] contains a fully intelligent person who speaks Chinese. The question is this: is there anyone (or anything) in the room that understands Chinese? That is, is there anything that has the mental state of [[understanding]], or which has [[consciousness|conscious]] [[awareness]] of what is being discussed in Chinese? The man is clearly not aware. The room cannot be aware. The ''cards'' certainly are not aware. Searle concludes that the Chinese room, or ''any'' other physical symbol system, cannot have a mind.<ref>{{Harvnb|Searle|1980}}. See also {{Harvnb|Cole|2004}}, {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003|pp=958–960}}, {{Harvnb|Crevier|1993|pp=269–272}} and {{Harvnb|Fearn|2005|pp=43–50}}.</ref>

Searle goes on to argue that actual mental states and [[consciousness]] require (yet to be described) "actual physical-chemical properties of actual human brains."<ref>{{Harvnb|Searle|1980|p=13}}.</ref> He argues there are special "causal properties" of [[brain]]s and [[neuron]]s that gives rise to [[mind]]s: in his words "brains cause minds."<ref>{{Harvnb|Searle|1984}}.</ref>