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==== Responses to the Chinese room ====

Responses to the Chinese room emphasize several different points. 
* '''The systems reply''' and the '''virtual mind reply''':<ref>{{Harvnb|Searle|1980}}, under "1. The Systems Reply (Berkeley)", {{Harvnb|Crevier|1993|p=269}}, {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003|p=959}}, {{Harvnb|Cole|2004|loc=4.1}}. Among those who hold to the "system" position (according to Cole) are Ned Block, [[Jack Copeland]], [[Daniel Dennett]], [[Jerry Fodor]], [[John Haugeland]], [[Ray Kurzweil]] and [[Georges Rey]]. Those who have defended the "virtual mind" reply include [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Alan Perlis]], [[David Chalmers]], Ned Block and J. Cole (again, according to {{Harvnb|Cole|2004}}).</ref> This reply argues that ''the system'', including the man, the program, the room, and the cards, is what understands Chinese. Searle claims that the man in the room is the only thing which could possibly "have a mind" or "understand", but others disagree, arguing that it is possible for there to be ''two'' minds in the same physical place, similar to the way a computer can simultaneously "be" two machines at once: one physical (like a [[Macintosh]]) and one "[[virtual machine|virtual]]" (like a [[word processor]]).
*'''Speed, power and complexity replies''':<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|2004|loc=4.2}} ascribes this position to [[Ned Block]], Daniel Dennett, [[Tim Maudlin]], [[David Chalmers]], [[Steven Pinker]], [[Patricia Churchland]] and others.</ref> Several critics point out that the man in the room would probably take millions of years to respond to a simple question, and would require "filing cabinets" of astronomical proportions. This brings the clarity of Searle's intuition into doubt.
*'''Robot reply''':<ref>{{Harvnb|Searle|1980}}, under "2. The Robot Reply (Yale)". {{Harvnb|Cole|2004|loc=4.3}} ascribes this position to [[Margaret Boden]], [[Tim Crane]], Daniel Dennett, Jerry Fodor, [[Stevan Harnad]], Hans Moravec and [[Georges Rey]].</ref> To truly understand, some believe the Chinese Room needs eyes and hands. Hans Moravec writes: "If we could graft a robot to a reasoning program, we wouldn't need a person to provide the meaning anymore: it would come from the physical world."<ref>Quoted in {{Harvnb|Crevier|1993|p=272}}.</ref>
*'''Brain simulator reply''':<ref>{{Harvnb|Searle|1980}}, under "3. The Brain Simulator Reply (Berkeley and M.I.T.)", {{Harvnb|Cole|2004}}, ascribes this position to [[Paul Churchland|Paul]] and [[Patricia Churchland]] and [[Ray Kurzweil]].</ref> What if the program simulates the sequence of nerve firings at the synapses of an actual brain of an actual Chinese speaker? The man in the room would be simulating an actual brain. This is a variation on the "systems reply" that appears more plausible because "the system" now clearly operates like a human brain, which strengthens the intuition that there is something besides the man in the room that could understand Chinese.
*'''Other minds reply''' and the '''epiphenomena reply''':<ref>{{Harvnb|Searle|1980}} under "5. The Other Minds Reply", {{Harvnb|Cole|2004|loc=4.4}}. {{Harvnb|Turing|1950}} makes this reply under "(4) The Argument from Consciousness." Cole ascribes this position to Daniel Dennett and Hans Moravec.</ref> Several people have noted that Searle's argument is just a version of the [[problem of other minds]], applied to machines. Since it is difficult to decide if people are "actually" thinking, we should not be surprised that it is difficult to answer the same question about machines.

:A related question is whether "consciousness" (as Searle understands it) exists. Searle argues that the experience of consciousness cannot be detected by examining the behavior of a machine, a human being or any other animal. [[Daniel Dennett]] points out that natural selection cannot preserve a feature of an animal that has no effect on the behavior of the animal, and thus consciousness (as Searle understands it) cannot be produced by natural selection. Therefore, either natural selection did not produce consciousness, or "strong AI" is correct in that consciousness can be detected by suitably designed Turing test.