2017年《时事报告》《党委中心组学习》报数表模板
  | |
| Local date | 20 February 1835 |
|---|---|
| Magnitude | ~8.5 Mw[1] |
| Epicenter | 36°48′S 73°00′W? / ?36.8°S 73.0°W[2] |
| Areas affected | Chile |
| Tsunami | yes |
| Casualties | >50 dead |
The 1835 Concepción earthquake was an earthquake that occurred near the neighboring cities of Concepción and Talcahuano in Chile on 20 February at 11:30 local time (15:30 UTC), and had an estimated magnitude of about 8.5 Mw.[1] The earthquake triggered a tsunami which caused the destruction of Talcahuano. A total of at least 50 people died from the effects of the earthquake and the tsunami. The earthquake caused damage from San Fernando in the north to Osorno in the south. It was felt over a still wider area from Copiapó in the north to the island of Chiloe in the south and as far west as the Juan Fernández Islands.[2]
Tectonic setting
[edit]Chile lies above the convergent boundary between the Nazca plate and the South American plate, with a convergence rate of 66 mm/yr. This boundary has been the site of many historical megathrust earthquakes, including the largest earthquake ever recorded. The rupture area of the 1835 earthquake was noted as a prominent seismic gap, leading to a forecast in 2009 of a large earthquake (Mw 8.0–8.5) within a few decades.[3] The 2010 Chile earthquake appears to have ruptured this part of the plate interface.[4]
Damage
[edit]Concepción was devastated, with most buildings being destroyed. A later survey found that 33% of kiln-dried brick buildings, 71% of mud-brick buildings and 95% of stone-built constructions were destroyed with all the rest being damaged. Despite this degree of damage only 50 people were reported dead. The low level of fatalities was attributed to the gradual increase in the intensity of shaking and that the earthquake occurred during the middle of the day, giving most of the inhabitants time to get clear.[2] The destruction at Talcahuano was greater still due to the effects of the tsunami, which left only the lower parts of some buildings standing.[5] A schooner was swept about 200 m inland, into the middle of the ruined town. There were few deaths, as the inhabitants had time to run up the hills behind the town.[5]
Characteristics
[edit]Earthquake
[edit]The shaking lasted for two minutes, with gradually increasing intensity. At least 300 aftershocks were noted during the next 12 days.[5] The land was instantly uplifted along parts of the coast, as much as 3 metres (9.8 ft) in places, although this was followed by subsidence in the following days.[6]
Tsunami
[edit]There were three separate waves reported at Talcahuano, the first of which had a run-up of 23 feet (7.0 m).[5] The maximum run-up of 24 metres (79 ft) was recorded at Coelemu.[6]
Remarks
[edit]Charles Darwin was visiting the area while on the second voyage of HMS Beagle and recorded his observations of the earthquake in Valdivia and its effects and the subsequent tsunami in Concepción and Talcahuano.[5] He remarked:
An earthquake instantly reverses the strongest ideas, the earth, the very emblem of solidity, has trembled under our feet like a thin crust placed on a fluid, a space of a second was enough to awaken the imagination a strange feeling of insecurity which hours of reflection would not have occurred. ... But I confess that I saw with great satisfaction that all the people seemed more active and happier than it would have been expected after such a terrible catastrophe. It has been noted, with some truth, that being general destruction, no one felt more humble than his neighbour, no one could accuse his friends of coldness, two causes which always added a sharp pain to the loss of wealth. ...
Beagle's captain, Robert FitzRoy, wrote a paper suggesting that the earthquake had affected the currents running along the South American coast. The paper was submitted to the Admiralty during the court martial of Captain Michael Seymour of HMS Challenger, whose ship was run ashore on rocks in May 1835 near the mouth of the Leübu River.[7] Seymour was exonerated due in part to Fitzroy's argument.[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Lay, T. (2011). "A Chilean surprise". Nature. 471 (7337): 174–175. doi:10.1038/471174a. PMID 21390123. S2CID 4372440.
- ^ a b c NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ Ruegg, J.C.; Rudloff, A.; Vigny, C.; Madariaga, R.; de Chabalier, J. B.; Campos, J.; Kausel, E.; Barrientos, S. & Dimitrov, D. (2009). "Interseismic strain accumulation measured by GPS in the seismic gap between Constitución and Concepción in Chile" (PDF). Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 175 (1–2): 78–85. Bibcode:2009PEPI..175...78R. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.02.015.
- ^ Vigny, C. (February 2010). "27 February 2010 Concepcion, Chile Earthquake – Status on scientific information" (PDF). p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Darwin, Charles. A naturalist's voyage round the world (PDF). pp. 164–165. ISBN 0-543-96189-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2011.
- ^ a b NGDC. "Comments for the Tsunami Event". Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
- ^ a b Gribbin, John and Mary. Fitzroy: The Remarkable Story of Darwin's Captain and the Invention of the Weather Forecast. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN 0300103611. pp. 166–169.