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The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, also known simply as the African Court,[1] is an international court established by member states of the African Union (AU) to implement provisions of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (also known as the Banjul Charter). Seated in Arusha, Tanzania, it is the judicial arm of the AU and one of three regional human rights courts (together with the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights).[2]
The African Court was created pursuant to a protocol to the Banjul Charter adopted in 1998 in Burkina Faso by the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the AU. The protocol came into force on 25 January 2004, following ratification by more than 15 countries. The court's first judges were elected in 2006 and it issued its first judgment in 2009.[3]
The African Court's mandate is to complement and reinforce the functions of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, a quasi-judicial body that monitors implementation of the charter and recommends cases to the court.[4] It has jurisdiction over all cases and disputes submitted to it concerning the interpretation and application of the Banjul Charter, the protocol to the charter, and any other applicable human rights instrument. The court can issue advisory opinions on legal matters and adjudicate contentious cases.
The court is composed of eleven judges nominated by member states of the AU and elected by the latter's Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Judges serve six-year terms and may only be re-elected once. The president of the court resides and works full-time in Arusha, while the other ten judges work on a part-time basis. Registry, managerial, and administrative functions are executed by a registrar.
Thirty-four African countries have ratified the protocol establishing the African Court, of which only nine have made a special declaration allowing individuals and NGOs to submit cases directly to the court: Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Rwanda, Tanzania, Republic of C?te d'Ivoire, Tunisia, and the Gambia;[5] otherwise, cases must be submitted to the African Commission, which then determines whether to refer it to the court.
As of September 2021, the African Court has delivered 259 decisions, including 131 judgments and 128 orders, and has 217 pending cases.[6]
Members
[edit]
Burgundy – fully recognize the competence of the court
Pink – other states that have ratified the protocol
As of January 2019, nine state parties to the protocol have made a declaration recognizing the competence of the Court to receive cases from non-government organizations (NGOs) and individuals. The nine states are Benin, Burkina Faso, C?te d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Gambia and Tunisia.[5] Altogether, 34 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, C?te d'Ivoire, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Niger, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Zambia.[7]
C?te d'Ivoire announced that it was withdrawing from the court in April 2020, after the tribunal ordered the government to suspend an arrest warrant for Guillaume Soro.[8]
Mission
[edit]The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights was established to complement and reinforce the functions of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (the African Commission – often referred to as the Banjul Commission), which is a quasi-judicial body charged with monitoring the implementation of the Charter.
Mandate
[edit]The mission of the Court is to enhance the protective mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights by strengthening the human rights protection system in Africa and ensuring respect for and compliance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as other international human rights instruments, through judicial decisions.
Vision
[edit]The vision of the Court is an Africa with a viable human rights culture.
Core values
[edit]- Judicial independence from any partisanship, bias, influence, whether it comes from States, NGOs, funding agencies, or individuals.
- Fair and impartial application and interpretation of the provisions of the African Charter, the Protocol, the Rules, and other relevant international human rights instruments.
- Transparent and ethical accountability in the operations of the Court.
- Fundamental rights of every individual to enjoy basic civil, political, social, economic, and cultural rights are upheld.
- Collaboration with relevant stakeholders in pursuance of the Court's objective of protecting human and peoples' rights.
- Non-discrimination and equality in performance of the work of the Court.
- Integrity of the Judges and staff working at the Court.
- Provide equal access to all potential users of the Court.
- Be responsive to the needs of those who approach the Court.
Strategic objectives
[edit]- Exercise jurisdiction in all cases and disputes brought before it concerning the interpretation and application of the Charter, the protocol and any other relevant instrument relating to human rights ratified by the States concerned;
- Collaborate with sub-regional and national judicial bodies to enhance the protection of human rights on the continent;
- To enhance the participation of the African people in the work of the Court;
- To enhance the capacity of the Registry of the Court to be able to fulfill its mandate; and
- To enhance working relationship between the Court and the African Commission.
Election of judges
[edit]On January 22, 2006, the Eighth Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union elected the first eleven Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights.
Judges are normally elected for six-year terms and can be re-elected once. The President and Vice-President are elected to two-year terms and can be re-elected once.
The Court had its First Ordinary Session from July 2–5, 2006, in Banjul, the Gambia.
Location
[edit]Tanzania is the Court's host state.[9] The Court's temporary premises are located in Arusha, Tanzania, at the Phase II of the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Conservation Centre Complex along Dodoma Road. The plans for Tanzania to build permanent premises for the Court have experienced repeated delays, and the Court has stressed the necessity of purpose-built premises for it to properly carry out its work.[10]
Jurisdiction
[edit]The Court has jurisdiction to determine applications against state parties of the Court Protocol. To date, 34 states (listed above) have ratified the protocol.[11]
An application against these states may be made by the African Commission or African inter-governmental organisations.
Where a state has made a declaration accepting the right of individual application under Article 34(6) of the Court's Protocol, an individual or NGO with observer status before the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights may make an application. As it stands, 9 states have made the declaration: Benin, Burkina Faso, C?te d'Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Tanzania, Tunisia, and The Gambia.[12] Rwanda made a declaration in 2013 but withdrew it in 2016, and Tanzania gave notice that it was withdrawing its declaration (which will take effect a year later) in November 2019.[13]
Judgments
[edit]On December 15, 2009, the Court delivered its first judgment, finding an application against Senegal inadmissible.[14]
The court's first judgment on the merits of a case was issued on June 14, 2013, in a case involving Tanzania. It found Tanzania had violated its citizens' rights to freely participate in government directly or through representatives regardless of their party affiliation, and ordered Tanzania to take constitutional, legislative, and all other measures necessary to remedy these violations.[15][16]
On March 28, 2014, the court ruled against Burkina Faso, in a case brought by the family of Norbert Zongo, a newspaper editor who was murdered in 1998. The court found that Burkina Faso had failed to properly investigate the murder, and had failed in its obligations to protect journalists.[17][18]
On June 23, 2022, the court ruled that the Kenyan government must pay the evicted and displaced Okiek people 157,850,000 shillings for decades of material and moral damages, recognize their indigeneity and help get them official titles to their ancestral lands.[19]
Composition
[edit]| Name | State | Position | Elected | Term ends |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Justice Ben Kioko |  Kenya |
Vice President | 2012* | 2024 |
| Justice Rafaa Ben Achour |  Tunisia |
Judge | 2014* | 2026 |
| Justice Ntyam Mengue |  Cameroon |
Judge | 2016* | 2028 |
| Justice Tujilane Chizumila |  Malawi |
Judge | 2017* | 2028 |
| Justice Bensaoula Chafika |  Algeria |
Judge | 2017* | 2028 |
| Justice Blaise Tchikaya |  Democratic Republic of Congo |
Vice President | 2018 | 2024 |
| Justice Stella Isibhakhomen Anukam |  Nigeria |
Judge | 2018 | 2024 |
| Justice Imani Daud Aboud |  Tanzania |
President | 2018 | 2024 |
| Justice Dumisa Ntsebeza |  South Africa
|
Judge | 2021 | 2027 |
* Indicates elected for a second term.
Former judges
[edit]| Name | State | Position | Elected | Term ended |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Justice George W. Kanyeihamba |  Uganda |
Judge | 2006 | 2008 |
| Justice Jean Emile Somda |  Burkina Faso |
Judge | 2006 | 2008 |
| Justice Githu Muigai | Kenya |
Judge | 2008 | 2010 |
| Justice Hamdi Faraj Fannoush |  Libya |
Judge | 2006 | 2010 |
| Justice Kellelo Justina Mafoso-Guni |  Lesotho |
Judge | 2006 | 2010 |
| Justice Sophia A.B. Akuffo |  Ghana
|
President | 2012 | 2014 |
| Justice Jean Mutsinzi |  Rwanda
|
President | 2008 | 2010 |
| Justice Gerard Niyungeko |  Burundi
|
President | 2006 | 2012 |
| Justice Bernard Ngoepe | South Africa
|
Judge | 2006 | 2014 |
| Justice Joseph Nyamihana Mulenga | Uganda
|
Judge | 2008 | 2014 |
| Justice Fatsah Ouguergouz | Algeria |
Judge | 2006 | 2016 |
| Justice Duncan Tambala | Malawi |
Judge | 2010 | 2016 |
| Justice Augustino S. L. Ramadhani | Tanzania |
Judge | 2010 | 2016 |
| Justice Elsie Nwanwuri Thompson | Nigeria |
Vice-President | 2010 | 2016 |
| Justice El Hadji Guissé |  Senegal
|
Judge | 2012 | 2018 |
| Justice Solome Balungi Bossa | Uganda
|
Judge | 2014 | 2020 |
| Justice Sylvain Ore |  C?te d'Ivoire
|
President | 2014 | 2020 |
| Justice Angelo Vasco Matusse |  Mozambique
|
Judge | 2014 | 2020 |
| Justice Marie Thérèse Mukamulisa | Rwanda
|
Judge | 2016 | 2022 |
Planned merger with the African Court of Justice
[edit]On July 1, 2008, at the African Union Summit in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, Heads of State and Government signed a protocol[20] on the merger of the AfCHPR with the still non-existent African Court of Justice following a decision by member states at a June 2004 African Union Summit. As of 18 June 2020, only eight countries have ratified the protocol out of 15 needed for its entry into force.[21] The new court would be known as the African Court of Justice and Human Rights.
See also
[edit]- European Court of Human Rights – regional court originally established in 1950
- Inter-American Court of Human Rights – regional court established in 1979
- Linguistic rights
- List of Linguistic Rights in Constitutions
References
[edit]- ^ Charles Ohene-Amoh, Assessing the African Court on Human and People’s Rights University Of Education, Winneba
- ^ "Basic Information". African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ Rodríguez, Juan Bautista Cartes; álvarez, Laura í?igo (2020). "The case law of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights in Libya following the Arab uprisings: Lessons learned for the consolidation and legitimation of the Court" (PDF). African Human Rights Law Journal. 20 (1): 1–25. doi:10.17159/1996-2096/2020/v20n1a3. S2CID 226694771.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kate Stone, African Court of Human and People's Rights (Advocates for International Development, February 2012). Legal Guide (2012)
- ^ a b The Gambia becomes the ninth country to allow NGOs and individuals to access the African Court directly
- ^ "African Court Cases | Statistic". www.african-court.org. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ African Union. "LIST OF COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE SIGNED, RATIFIED/ACCEDED TO THE PROTOCOL TO THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES'RIGHTS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS" (PDF). Retrieved 6 March 2023.
- ^ de Bassompierre, Leanne; Mieu, Baudelaire (April 29, 2020). "Ivory Coast Withdraws From African Human Rights Court". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020.
Ivory Coast withdrew from the African Human Rights and Peoples Court, a week after the tribunal ordered the West African nation to suspend an arrest warrant against presidential hopeful Guillaume Soro, who on Tuesday was sentenced to 20 years in jail.
- ^ "Host Agreement Between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the African Union on the Seat of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights in Arusha, Tanzania" (PDF). Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ De Silva, Nicole (2018). "African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights". Rochester, NY. SSRN 3314940.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Cameroon ratifies the Protocol
- ^ "African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights". www.african-court.org. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ De Silva, Nicole (2025-08-06). "Individual and NGO Access to the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights: The Latest Blow from Tanzania". EJIL: Talk!. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ Judgment in the matter of Michelot Yogogombaye versus the Republic of Senegal, 15 December 2009. Archived December 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "36. App. No. 032/2015 – Kijiji Isiaga v. United Republic of Tanzania". www.african-court.org.
- ^ "Tanzania's Constitution Violates the Rights of Political Candidates". jurist.org. July 2013.
- ^ "Application No 013/2011". Archived from the original on 2025-08-06.
- ^ "The Killing of Norbert Zongo: African Court Stresses State Obligation to Protect Journalists". Open Society Foundations.
- ^ "Indigenous Ogiek win ‘landmark’ reparations ruling from African Court", by Joseph Lee, Grist.com
- ^ Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights Archived June 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, 1 July 2008.
- ^ Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, Status list Archived 2025-08-06 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2025-08-06.
Further reading
[edit]- Faix, Martin; Jamali, Ayyoub (2022). "Is the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights in an Existential Crisis?". Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 40: 56–74. doi:10.1177/09240519211072424. S2CID 245943959.
- J. B. Cartes-Rodríguez (2024), "The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights", UPNA, Navarra, 264 pp. [1]
External links
[edit]- Official website of the African Court on Human and People's Rights
- Biographies of AfCHPR Judges
- African International Courts and Tribunals website
- Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
- African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights: Ten years on and still no justice (2008), London, Minority Rights Group
- Coalition for an Effective African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
- The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, American Society of International Law, ASIL Insight, September 19, 2006, Volume 10, Issue 24
- "The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights: An Introduction", a lecture by Mr. Frans Viljoen, Professor of International Human Rights Law at the University of Pretoria, in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
