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The Compatibility Encoding Scheme for UTF-16: 8-Bit (CESU-8) is a variant of UTF-8 that is described in Unicode Technical Report #26.^[1] A Unicode code point from the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), i.e. a code point in the range U+0000 to U+FFFF, is encoded in the same way as in UTF-8. A Unicode supplementary character, i.e. a code point in the range U+10000 to U+10FFFF, is first represented as a surrogate pair, like in UTF-16, and then each surrogate code point is encoded in UTF-8. Therefore, CESU-8 needs six bytes (3 bytes per surrogate) for each Unicode supplementary character while UTF-8 needs only four. Though not specified in the technical report, unpaired surrogates are also encoded as 3 bytes each, and CESU-8 is exactly the same as applying an older UCS-2 to UTF-8 converter to UTF-16 data.

The encoding of Unicode non-BMP characters works out to 11101101 1010yyyy 10xxxxxx 11101101 1011xxxx 10xxxxxx (yyyy represents the top five bits of the character minus one). The byte values 0xF0—0xF4 will not appear in CESU-8, as they start the 4-byte encodings used by UTF-8.

CESU-8 is not an official part of the Unicode Standard, because Unicode Technical Reports are informative documents only.^[2] It should be used exclusively for internal processing and never for external data exchange.

Supporting CESU-8 in HTML documents is prohibited by the W3C^[3]^[4] and WHATWG^[5] HTML standards, as it would present a cross-site scripting vulnerability.^[6]^{[failed verification – see discussion]}

Java's Modified UTF-8 is CESU-8 with a special overlong encoding of the NUL character (U+0000) as the two-byte sequence C0 80.^[7]

The Oracle database uses CESU-8 for its "UTF8" character set. Standard UTF-8 can be obtained using the character set "AL32UTF8" (since Oracle version 9.0).^[8]

Examples

[edit]

Code point	U+0045	U+0205		U+10400
Character	E	?		??
UTF-8	45	C8	85	F0		90		90		80
UTF-16	0045	0205		D801				DC00
CESU-8	45	C8	85	ED	A0		81	ED	B0		80

References

[edit]

^ McGowan, Rick (2025-08-06). "Unicode Technical Report #26 - Compatibility Encoding Scheme for UTF-16: 8-Bit (CESU-8)". Unicode Consortium.
^ "About Unicode Technical Reports - Types of Unicode Technical Reports: UAX, UTS, UTR". Unicode Consortium.
^ "8.2.2.3. Character encodings". HTML 5.1 Standard. W3C.
^ "8.2.2.3. Character encodings". HTML 5 Standard. W3C.
^ "12.2.3.3 Character encodings". HTML Living Standard. WHATWG.
^ "<meta> - HTML". MDN Web Docs. Mozilla.
^ "Java SE documentation for Interface java.io.DataInput, subsection on Modified UTF-8". Oracle Corporation. 2015. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
^ "Table A-10 Universal Character Sets".

External links

[edit]

Unicode

Code points

Characters

Special purpose	BOM Combining grapheme joiner Left-to-right mark / Right-to-left mark Soft hyphen Variant form Word joiner Zero-width joiner Zero-width non-joiner Zero-width space
Lists	Characters CJK Unified Ideographs Combining character Duplicate characters Numerals Scripts Spaces Symbols Halfwidth and fullwidth Alias names and abbreviations Whitespace characters

Processing

Algorithms	Bidirectional text Collation ISO/IEC 14651 Equivalence Variation sequences International Ideographs Core
Comparison of encodings	BOCU-1 CESU-8 Punycode SCSU UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16/UCS-2 UTF-32/UCS-4 UTF-EBCDIC

On pairs of
code points

Usage

Related standards

Related topics

Scripts and symbols in Unicode
Common and inherited scripts	Combining marks Diacritics Punctuation marks Spaces Numbers
Modern scripts	Adlam Arabic Armenian Balinese Bamum Batak Bengali Bopomofo Braille Buhid Burmese Canadian Aboriginal Chakma Cham Cherokee CJK Unified Ideographs (Han) Cyrillic Deseret Devanagari Garay Ge?ez Georgian Greek Gujarati Gunjala Gondi Gurmukhi Gurung Khema Hangul Hanifi Rohingya Hanja Hanunuoo Hebrew Hiragana Javanese Kanji Kannada Katakana Kayah Li Khmer Kirat Rai Lao Latin Lepcha Limbu Lisu (Fraser) Lontara Malayalam Masaram Gondi Mende Kikakui Medefaidrin Miao (Pollard) Mongolian Mru N'Ko Nag Mundari New Tai Lue Nüshu Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong Odia Ol Chiki Ol Onal Osage Osmanya Pahawh Hmong Pau Cin Hau Pracalit (Newa) Ranjana Rejang Samaritan Saurashtra Shavian Sinhala Sorang Sompeng Sundanese Sunuwar Syriac Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Tangsa Telugu Thaana Thai Tibetan Tifinagh Tirhuta Toto Vai Wancho Warang Citi Yi
Ancient and historic scripts	Ahom Anatolian hieroglyphs Ancient North Arabian Avestan Bassa Vah Bhaiksuki Brāhmī Carian Caucasian Albanian Coptic Cuneiform Cypriot Cypro-Minoan Dives Akuru Dogra Egyptian hieroglyphs Elbasan Elymaic Glagolitic Gothic Grantha Hatran Imperial Aramaic Inscriptional Pahlavi Inscriptional Parthian Kaithi Kawi Kharosthi Khitan small script Khojki Khudawadi Khwarezmian (Chorasmian) Linear A Linear B Lycian Lydian Mahajani Makasar Mandaic Manichaean Marchen Meetei Mayek Meroitic Modi Multani Nabataean Nandinagari Ogham Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Old Persian cuneiform Old Sogdian Old Turkic Old Uyghur Palmyrene ?Phags-pa Phoenician Psalter Pahlavi Runic Sharada Siddham Sogdian South Arabian Soyombo Sylheti Nagri Tagalog (Baybayin) Takri Tangut Todhri Tulu Tigalari Ugaritic Vithkuqi Yezidi Zanabazar Square
Notational scripts	Duployan SignWriting
Symbols, emojis	Cultural, political, and religious symbols Currency Control Pictures Mathematical operators and symbols Glossary Phonetic symbols (including IPA) Emoji
Category: Unicode Category: Unicode blocks

v t e Character encodings
Early telecommunications	Telegraph code Needle Morse Non-Latin Wabun/Kana Chinese Cyrillic Baudot and Murray Fieldata ASCII ISO/IEC 646 BCDIC Teletex and Videotex/Teletext T.51/ISO/IEC 6937 ITU T.61 ITU T.101 World System Teletext background sets Transcode
ISO/IEC 8859	Approved parts -1 (Western Europe) -2 (Central Europe) -3 (Maltese/Esperanto) -4 (North Europe) -5 (Cyrillic) -6 (Arabic) -7 (Greek) -8 (Hebrew) -9 (Turkish) -10 (Nordic) -11 (Thai) -13 (Baltic) -14 (Celtic) -15 (New Western Europe) -16 (Romanian) Abandoned parts -12 (Devanagari) Proposed but not approved KOI-8 Cyrillic Sámi Adaptations Welsh Estonian Ukrainian Cyrillic
Bibliographic use	MARC-8 ANSEL CCCII/EACC ISO 5426 5426-2 5427 5428 6438 6862
National standards	ArmSCII Big5 BraSCII BSCII CNS 11643 DIN 66003 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 2312 GB 12345 GB 12052 GB 18030 HKSCS ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI-7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 KS X 1002 LST 1564 LST 1590-4 PASCII Shift JIS SI 960 TIS-620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII
ISO/IEC 2022	ISO/IEC 8859 ISO/IEC 10367 Extended Unix Code / EUC
Mac OS Code pages ("scripts")	Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic Central European Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Farsi (Persian) Font X (Kermit) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Inuit Keyboard Latin (Kermit) Maltese/Esperanto Ogham Roman Romanian Sámi Turkish Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian VT100
DOS code pages	437 737 850 858 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 899 904 932 936 942 949 950 951 1040 1043 1046 1098 1115 1116 1117 1118 1127 ABICOMP CS Indic CSX Indic CSX+ Indic CWI-2 Iran System Kamenicky Mazovia MIK
IBM AIX code pages	895 896 912 915 921 922 1006 1008 1009 1010 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1046 1133
Windows code pages	CER-GS 932 936 (GBK) 950 Extended Latin-8 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1270 Cyrillic + French Cyrillic + German Polytonic Greek
EBCDIC code pages	Japanese language in EBCDIC DKOI
DEC terminals (VTx)	Multinational (MCS) National Replacement (NRCS) French Canadian Swiss Spanish United Kingdom Dutch Finnish French Norwegian and Danish Swedish Norwegian and Danish (alternative) 8-bit Greek 8-bit Turkish SI 960 Hebrew Special Graphics Technical (TCS)
Platform specific	1052 1053 1054 1055 1058 Acorn RISC OS Amstrad CPC Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC Compucolor 8001 Compucolor II CP/M+ DEC RADIX 50 DEC MCS/NRCS DG International Galaksija GEM GSM 03.38 HP Roman HP FOCAL HP RPL SQUOZE LICS LMBCS MSX NEC APC NeXT PETSCII PostScript Standard PostScript Latin 1 SAM Coupé Sega SC-3000 Sharp calculators Sharp MZ Sinclair QL Teletext TI calculators TRS-80 Ventura International WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum
Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646	UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 UTF-EBCDIC GB 18030 DIN 91379 BOCU-1 CESU-8 SCSU TACE16 Comparison of Unicode encodings
TeX typesetting system	Cork LY1 OML OMS OT1
Miscellaneous code pages	ABICOMP ASMO 449 Digital encoding of APL symbols ISO-IR-68 ARIB STD-B24 Fieldata HZ IEC-P27-1 INIS 7-bit 8-bit ISO-IR-169 ISO 2033 KOI KOI8-R KOI8-RU KOI8-U Mojikyō SEASCII Stanford/ITS Symbol TRON Unified Hangul Code
Control character	Morse prosigns C0 and C1 control codes ISO/IEC 6429 JIS X 0211 Unicode control, format and separator characters Whitespace characters
Related topics	CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware code page MICR code Mojibake Variable-length encoding
Character sets

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