86岁老人深夜拾荒资助困难大学生
百度 这是国家自2005年以来连续第十四年调整企业退休人员基本养老金，也是继2016年以来连续第三年同步安排适当提高企业和机关事业单位退休人员养老金水平，预计将有亿名退休人员受益。
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) consists of more than 100 letters and diacritics. Before Unicode became widely available, several ASCII-based encoding systems of the IPA were proposed. The alphabet went through a large revision at the Kiel Convention of 1989, and the vowel symbols again in 1993.[1] Systems devised before these revisions inevitably lack support for the additions they introduced.
Only language-neutral systems are discussed below because language-dependent ones (such as ARPABET) do not allow for a systematic comparison.
General information
[edit]| System | Author(s) | Created | Last updated |
Note | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Branner (unnamed) | David Prager Branner at the University of Washington | 1994 | ? | [2] | |
| Millar & Oasa (unnamed) | J. Bruce Millar and Hiroaki Oasa at Australian National University | 1981 | 1981 | [3] | |
| PHONASCII | George D. Allen at Purdue University | 1988 | 1988 | Not a direct mapping of the IPA. Segments are separated by spaces, and diacritics by commas. | [4] |
| Praat | Paul Boersma and David Weenink at the University of Amsterdam | 1992 | 2025 | A subset of a larger set of backslash trigraphs also comprising international and mathematical characters. The symbols can be typed in ASCII but will be visualized as the normal Unicode glyphs. | [5] |
| IPA (SIL) Keyboard | SIL International | 1994 | 2021 | [6] | |
| UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database (UPSID) | Ian Maddieson at the University of California, Los Angeles | 1984 | ? | Presented here is the scheme used for representing phonemes in the database of phonological inventories. Consequently, it is not designed for transcription of multiple segments and does not have symbols for values not found phonemically in the languages sampled. | [7] |
| Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription | Participants in sci.lang and alt.usage.english newsgroups (later maintained by Evan Kirshenbaum at HP Labs) | 1991 | 2011 | Also known variously as "ASCII-IPA", "Kirshenbaum", etc.[8] IETF language subtags register fonkirsh to identify text in this convention.[9] | [10] |
| Worldbet | James L. Hieronymus at AT&T Bell Laboratories | 1994 | 1994 | Segments are separated by spaces. | [11] |
| X-SAMPA | John C. Wells at University College London | 1995 | 2000 | IETF language subtags register fonxsamp to identify text in this convention.[9] | [12] |
Symbols
[edit]Only the symbols in the latest IPA chart are included. The numbers in the leftmost column, according to which the symbols are sorted, are the IPA Numbers. Some of the IPA symbols to which a system lacks a corresponding symbol may still be represented in that system by use of a modifier (diacritic), but such combinations are not included unless the documentation explicitly assigns one for the value.
| # | IPA | Branner | M&O | PHONASCII | Praat | SIL | UPSID | Usenet | Worldbet | X-SAMPA | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 101 | p | p
|
p
|
p
|
p
|
p
|
p
|
p
|
p
|
p
|
Voiceless bilabial plosive |
| 102 | b | b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
Voiced bilabial plosive |
| 103 | t | t
|
t
|
t
|
t
|
t
|
t
|
t
|
t
|
t
|
Voiceless alveolar plosive |
| 104 | d | d
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
Voiced alveolar plosive |
| 105 | ? | tr)
|
t(
|
tr
|
\t.
|
t<
|
t.
|
t.
|
tr
|
t`
|
Voiceless retroflex plosive |
| 106 | ? | dr)
|
d(
|
dr
|
\d.
|
d<
|
d.
|
d.
|
dr
|
d`
|
Voiced retroflex plosive |
| 107 | c | c
|
c
|
c
|
c
|
c
|
c
|
c
|
c
|
c
|
Voiceless palatal plosive |
| 108 | ? | j-
|
J
|
J
|
\j-
|
j=
|
dj
|
J^
|
J
|
J\
|
Voiced palatal plosive |
| 109 | k | k
|
k
|
k
|
k
|
k
|
k
|
k
|
k
|
k
|
Voiceless velar plosive |
| 110 | ɡ | g
|
g
|
g
|
\gs
|
g<
|
g
|
g
|
g
|
g
|
Voiced velar plosive |
| 111 | q | q
|
q
|
q
|
q
|
q
|
q
|
q
|
q
|
q
|
Voiceless uvular plosive |
| 112 | ? | G
|
G
|
G
|
\gc
|
G=
|
G
|
G
|
Q
|
G\
|
Voiced uvular plosive |
| 113 | ? | ?
|
?
|
?
|
\?g
|
?=
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Glottal plosive |
| 114 | m | m
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
Voiced bilabial nasal |
| 115 | ? | m"
|
m>
|
mv
|
\mj
|
m>
|
mD
|
M
|
M
|
F
|
Voiced labiodental nasal |
| 116 | n | n
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
Voiced alveolar nasal |
| 117 | ? | nr)
|
n(
|
nr
|
\n.
|
n<
|
n.
|
n.
|
nr
|
n`
|
Voiced retroflex nasal |
| 118 | ? | nj)
|
n)
|
nj
|
\nj
|
n=
|
nj
|
n^
|
n~
|
J
|
Voiced palatal nasal |
| 119 | ? | ng)
|
g~
|
ng
|
\ng
|
n>
|
N
|
N
|
N
|
N
|
Voiced velar nasal |
| 120 | ? | N
|
N
|
N
|
\nc
|
N=
|
nU
|
n"
|
Nq[a]
|
N\
|
Voiced uvular nasal |
| 121 | ? | B
|
bb
|
\bc
|
B=
|
b<trl>
|
B
|
B\
|
Voiced bilabial trill | ||
| 122 | r | r
|
r
|
rr
|
r
|
r
|
r
|
r<trl>
|
r
|
r
|
Voiced alveolar trill |
| 123 | ? | R
|
R
|
RR
|
\rc
|
R=
|
R
|
r"
|
R
|
R\
|
Voiced uvular trill |
| 124 | ? | r"
|
r*
|
dt
|
\fh
|
r>
|
r[
|
*
|
d(
|
4
|
Voiced alveolar tap |
| 125 | ? | rr)
|
r(*
|
rt
|
\f.
|
r<
|
r.[
|
*.
|
rr
|
r`
|
Voiced retroflex flap |
| 126 | ? | P"
|
F
|
F
|
\ff
|
f=
|
P
|
P
|
F
|
p\
|
Voiceless bilabial fricative |
| 127 | β | B"
|
B
|
V
|
\bf
|
b=
|
B
|
B
|
V
|
B
|
Voiced bilabial fricative |
| 128 | f | f
|
f
|
f
|
f
|
f
|
f
|
f
|
f
|
f
|
Voiceless labiodental fricative |
| 129 | v | v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
Voiced labiodental fricative |
| 130 | θ | O-
|
s[]
|
sd
|
\tf
|
t=
|
0D
|
T
|
T
|
T
|
Voiceless dental fricative |
| 131 | e | d-
|
z[]
|
zd
|
\dh
|
d=
|
6D
|
D
|
D
|
D
|
Voiced dental fricative |
| 132 | s | s
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
Voiceless alveolar fricative |
| 133 | z | z
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
Voiced alveolar fricative |
| 134 | ? | S
|
sV
|
S
|
\sh
|
s=
|
S
|
S
|
S
|
S
|
Voiceless postalveolar fricative |
| 135 | ? | 3"
|
zV
|
Z
|
\zh
|
z=
|
Z
|
Z
|
Z
|
Z
|
Voiced postalveolar fricative |
| 136 | ? | sr)
|
s(
|
sr
|
\s.
|
s<
|
s.
|
s.
|
sr
|
s`
|
Voiceless retroflex fricative |
| 137 | ? | zr)
|
z(
|
zr
|
\z.
|
z<
|
z.
|
z.
|
zr
|
z`
|
Voiced retroflex fricative |
| 138 | ? | c"
|
c$
|
c\
|
\c,
|
c=
|
C
|
C
|
C
|
C
|
Voiceless palatal fricative |
| 139 | ? | j"
|
j$
|
J\
|
\jc
|
j<
|
jF
|
C<vcd>
|
j^[a]
|
j\
|
Voiced palatal fricative |
| 140 | x | x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
Voiceless velar fricative |
| 141 | ? | g"
|
r=<
|
g\
|
\gf
|
g=
|
gF
|
Q
|
G
|
G
|
Voiced velar fricative |
| 142 | χ | X
|
X
|
X
|
\cf
|
x=
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
Voiceless uvular fricative |
| 143 | ? | R%
|
R=
|
G\[b]
|
\ri
|
R>
|
RF
|
g"
|
K
|
R
|
Voiced uvular fricative |
| 144 | ? | h-
|
h<
|
H
|
\h-
|
h>
|
H
|
H
|
H
|
X\
|
Voiceless pharyngeal fricative |
| 145 | ? | ?&
|
6<
|
Hv
|
\9e
|
?<
|
9
|
H<vcd>
|
!
|
?\
|
Voiced pharyngeal fricative |
| 146 | h | h
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
Voiceless glottal fricative |
| 147 | ? | h"
|
6
|
hv
|
\h^
|
h<
|
hh
|
h<?>
|
hv[a]
|
h\
|
Voiced glottal fricative |
| 148 | ? | l-
|
l%$
|
ls
|
\l-
|
l=
|
hlF
|
s<lat> or L[c]
|
hl[a]
|
K
|
Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative |
| 149 | ? | l3")
|
l$
|
lz
|
\lz
|
l>
|
lF
|
z<lat>
|
Zl[a]
|
K\
|
Voiced alveolar lateral fricative |
| 150 | ? | v"
|
v>
|
\vs
|
v=
|
vA
|
r<lbd>
|
V[[a]
|
P or V\
|
Voiced labiodental approximant | |
| 151 | ? | r&
|
r=
|
r
|
\rt
|
r=
|
rA
|
r
|
9
|
r\
|
Voiced alveolar approximant |
| 152 | ? | jr)
|
r=(
|
\r.
|
R<
|
r.A
|
r.
|
9r
|
r\`
|
Voiced retroflex approximant | |
| 153 | j | j
|
j
|
j
|
j
|
j
|
j
|
j
|
j
|
j
|
Voiced palatal approximant |
| 154 | ? | m&"
|
Rg
|
\ml
|
w>
|
RA
|
j<vel>
|
4)[a]
|
M\
|
Voiced velar approximant | |
| 155 | l | l
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
Voiced alveolar lateral approximant |
| 156 | ? | lr)
|
l(
|
lr
|
\l.
|
l<
|
l.
|
l.
|
lr
|
l`
|
Voiced retroflex lateral approximant |
| 157 | ? | y&
|
l)
|
lj
|
\yt
|
L<
|
lj
|
l^
|
L
|
L
|
Voiced palatal lateral approximant |
| 158 | ? | L
|
\lc
|
L=
|
L
|
L[c]
|
Lg[a]
|
L\
|
Voiced velar lateral approximant | ||
| 160 | ? | b$
|
b,,
|
b?
|
\b^
|
b>
|
b<
|
b`
|
b<
|
b_<
|
Voiced bilabial implosive |
| 162 | ? | d$
|
d,,
|
d?
|
\d^
|
d>
|
d<
|
d`
|
d<
|
d_<
|
Voiced alveolar implosive |
| 164 | ? | j$
|
J,,
|
J?
|
\j^
|
j>
|
dj<
|
J`
|
J<
|
J\_<
|
Voiced palatal implosive |
| 166 | ? | g$
|
g,,
|
g?
|
\g^
|
g>
|
g<
|
g`
|
g<
|
g_<
|
Voiced velar implosive |
| 168 | ? | G$
|
G,,
|
G?
|
\G^
|
G>
|
G<
|
G`
|
Q<
|
G\_<
|
Voiced uvular implosive |
| 169 | ? | w&
|
\wt
|
w=
|
hw
|
v<vls>
|
W
|
W
|
Voiceless labial–velar fricative | ||
| 170 | w | w
|
w
|
w
|
w
|
w
|
w
|
w
|
w
|
w
|
Voiced labial–velar approximant |
| 171 | ? | h&
|
w.
|
\ht
|
y< or h=
|
wj
|
j<rnd>
|
jw[a]
|
H
|
Voiced labial–palatal approximant | |
| 172 | ? | H
|
\hc
|
Q=
|
H\
|
Voiceless epiglottal trill | |||||
| 173 | ? | ?-
|
\?-
|
H=
|
99
|
>\
|
Epiglottal plosive | ||||
| 174 | ? | ?"
|
\9-
|
Q<
|
<\
|
Voiced epiglottal trill | |||||
| 175 | ? | Sx)
|
\hj
|
H>
|
x\
|
Sj-sound | |||||
| 176 | ? | p!
|
p*
|
\O.
|
p=
|
p!
|
p|
|
O\
|
Bilabial click | ||
| 177 | ? | t!
|
t*
|
t!
|
\|1
|
!<
|
/
|
t!
|
|
|
|\
|
Dental click |
| 178 | ? | r!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
c![d]
|
!\
|
Alveolar click | |||
| 179 | ? | c!
|
c*
|
c!
|
\|-
|
!=
|
/=
|
c![d]
|
c|
|
=\
|
Palatal click |
| 180 | ∥ | l!
|
l*
|
l!
|
\|2
|
!>
|
#
|
l!
|
||
|
|\|\
|
Alveolar lateral click |
| 181 | ? | l"
|
lt
|
\rl
|
L>
|
l[
|
*<lat>
|
l)
|
l\
|
Voiced alveolar lateral flap | |
| 182 | ? | ci)
|
sV>
|
ss
|
\cc
|
c<
|
SJ
|
c}
|
s\
|
Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | |
| 183 | ? | zi)
|
zV>
|
zz
|
\zc
|
z>
|
ZJ
|
z}
|
z\
|
Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative | |
| 184 | ? | \V^
|
v<
|
v[
|
Voiced labiodental flap | ||||||
| 209 | ? | l~)
|
l-
|
\l~
|
l~~
|
l-
|
L[c]
|
5
|
Velarized alveolar lateral approximant | ||
| 301 | i | i
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
Close front unrounded vowel |
| 302 | e | e
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
Close-mid front unrounded vowel |
| 303 | ? | E
|
E
|
E
|
\ef
|
e<
|
E
|
E
|
E
|
E
|
Open-mid front unrounded vowel |
| 304 | a | a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
Open front unrounded vowel |
| 305 | ɑ | a"
|
A
|
aa
|
\as
|
a=
|
a_
|
A
|
A
|
A
|
Open back unrounded vowel |
| 306 | ? | c&
|
O
|
O
|
\ct
|
o<
|
O
|
O
|
>
|
O
|
Open-mid back rounded vowel |
| 307 | o | o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
Close-mid back rounded vowel |
| 308 | u | u
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
Close back rounded vowel |
| 309 | y | y
|
y or i!
|
y
|
y
|
y
|
y
|
y
|
y
|
y
|
Close front rounded vowel |
| 310 | ? | o/)
|
0 or e!
|
oe
|
\o/
|
o>
|
o/
|
Y
|
7
|
2
|
Close-mid front rounded vowel |
| 311 | ? | oe)
|
E!
|
oE
|
\oe
|
E<
|
E)
|
W
|
8
|
9
|
Open-mid front rounded vowel |
| 312 | ? | OE)
|
a!
|
OE
|
\Oe
|
E>
|
&.
|
6
|
&
|
Open front rounded vowel | |
| 313 | ? | a"&
|
A= or A!
|
ao
|
\ab
|
o=
|
a_)
|
A.
|
5
|
Q
|
Open back rounded vowel |
| 314 | ? | v&
|
^, V= or O!
|
A
|
\vt
|
u>
|
^
|
V
|
^
|
V
|
Open-mid back unrounded vowel |
| 315 | ? | U"
|
o!
|
oo
|
\rh
|
O>
|
o(
|
o-
|
2
|
7
|
Close-mid back unrounded vowel |
| 316 | ? | m&
|
m= or u!
|
uu
|
\mt
|
u=
|
uu
|
u-
|
4
|
M
|
Close back unrounded vowel |
| 317 | ? | i-
|
i"
|
i-
|
\i-
|
I=
|
i_
|
i"
|
ix
|
1
|
Close central unrounded vowel |
| 318 | ? | u-
|
u"
|
u-
|
\u-
|
U=
|
u+
|
u"
|
ux
|
}
|
Close central rounded vowel |
| 319 | ? | I
|
I
|
I
|
\ic
|
i=
|
I
|
I
|
I
|
I
|
Near-close near-front unrounded vowel |
| 320 | ? | Y
|
Y
|
Y
|
\yc
|
Y=
|
Y
|
U.
|
Y
|
Y
|
Near-close near-front rounded vowel |
| 321 | ? | U
|
U
|
U
|
\hs
|
u<
|
U
|
U
|
U
|
U
|
Near-close near-back rounded vowel |
| 322 | ? | @
|
e=
|
6
|
\sw
|
e=
|
"@
|
@
|
&
|
@
|
Mid central vowel |
| 323 | ? | o-
|
o"
|
\o-
|
O=
|
@)
|
@.
|
ox
|
8
|
Close-mid central rounded vowel | |
| 324 | ? | a&
|
\at
|
a>
|
4
|
ax
|
6
|
Near-open central vowel | |||
| 325 | ? | ae)
|
@
|
ae
|
\ae
|
a<
|
aa
|
&
|
@
|
{
|
Near-open front unrounded vowel |
| 326 | ? | E&
|
E"
|
3
|
\er
|
e>
|
3
|
V"
|
3
|
3
|
Open-mid central unrounded vowel |
| 327 | ? | xr^
|
3r
|
\sr
|
"@.
|
R
|
@`
|
R-coloured mid central vowel | |||
| 395 | ? | E"
|
O"
|
\kb
|
O<
|
3)
|
O"
|
3\
|
Open-mid central rounded vowel | ||
| 397 | ? | e&
|
e"
|
6
|
\e-
|
E=
|
@
|
@<umd>
|
@\
|
Close-mid central unrounded vowel | |
| 401 | ?? | `
|
?
|
\ap
|
]]
|
'
|
`
|
>
|
_>
|
Ejective | |
| 402A | ?? | V)
|
%
|
,-v
|
\0v
|
%
|
<o>
|
0
|
_0
|
Voiceless | |
| 402B | ?? | \0^
|
@
| ||||||||
| 403 | ?? | v)
|
,+v
|
\vv
|
%%
|
<vcd>
|
v
|
_v | Voiced | ||
| 404 | ? | h^
|
HH
|
,h
|
\^h
|
h^
|
h
|
<h>
|
h
|
_h
|
Aspirated |
| 405 | ?? | h")
|
,hv
|
\:v
|
%%%
|
h
|
<?>
|
Hv
|
_t
|
Breathy voiced | |
| 406 | ?? | ~
|
,?v
|
\~v
|
$$$
|
*
|
?
|
_k
|
Creaky voiced | ||
| 407 | ?? | {
|
\mv
|
{{{{
|
{
|
_N
|
Linguolabial | ||||
| 408 | ?? | [
|
[
|
,d
|
\Nv
|
{
|
[
|
[
|
_d
|
Dental | |
| 409 | ?? | ]
|
,ap
|
\Uv
|
{{
|
]
|
_a
|
Apical | |||
| 410 | ?? | []
|
,lm
|
\Dv
|
{{{
|
}
|
_m
|
Laminal | |||
| 411 | ?? | u)
|
}
|
,+w
|
\3v
|
++++
|
.
|
(w)[a]
|
_O
|
More rounded | |
| 412 | ?? | U)
|
{
|
\cv
|
____
|
-
|
_c
|
Less rounded | |||
| 413 | ?? | +
|
+
|
,< or ,fr
|
\+v
|
+
|
+
|
_+
|
Advanced | ||
| 414 | ?? | _
|
-[e]
|
,> or ,bk
|
\-v
|
_
|
-
|
_-
|
Retracted | ||
| 415 | ?? | "^
|
"
|
\:^
|
*
|
"
|
_"
|
Centralized | |||
| 416 | ?? | x^
|
\x^
|
**
|
_x
|
Mid-centralized | |||||
| 417 | ?? | <
|
\T(
|
+++
|
?[a][f]
|
_A
|
Advanced tongue root | ||||
| 418 | ?? | >
|
\T)
|
___
|
?[a][f]
|
_q
|
Retracted tongue root | ||||
| 419 | ?? | r^
|
\hr
|
[[[
|
.
|
<r>
|
`
|
Rhoticity | |||
| 420 | ? | w^
|
,V\
|
\^w
|
w^
|
W
|
<w>
|
w
|
_w
|
Labialized | |
| 421 | ? | j^
|
.
|
,j
|
\^j
|
j^
|
J
|
<pzd>
|
j
|
' or _j
|
Palatalized |
| 422 | ? | g^
|
,g
|
\^G
|
g=^
|
-
|
<vzd>
|
2
|
_G
|
Velarized | |
| 423 | ? | &g^
|
,H
|
\^9
|
?<^
|
9
|
<H>
|
!
|
_?\
|
Pharyngealized | |
| 424 | ?? | ~^
|
~
|
,+n
|
\~^
|
~
|
~
|
~
|
~
|
~ or _~
|
Nasalized |
| 425 | ? | n^
|
,n-
|
\^n
|
n^
|
n
|
n
|
_n
|
Nasal release | ||
| 426 | ? | l^
|
,l-
|
\^l
|
l^
|
L
|
l
|
_l
|
Lateral release | ||
| 427 | ?? | .)
|
,=
|
\cn
|
]]]
|
<unx>
|
c
|
_}
|
No audible release | ||
| 428 | ?? | ~)
|
-[e]
|
\~/
|
_e
|
Velarized or pharyngealized | |||||
| 429 | ?? | =
|
.[g]
|
,/ or ,up
|
\T^
|
++
|
_r
|
Raised | |||
| 430 | ?? | ="
|
(
|
,\ or ,dn
|
\Tv
|
__
|
_o
|
Lowered | |||
| 431 | ?? | ,)
|
\
|
,$
|
\|v
|
$
|
-
|
=
|
= or _=
|
Syllabic | |
| 432 | ?? | (
|
*[h]
|
,gl
|
\nv
|
$$
|
(
|
_^
|
Non-syllabic | ||
| 433 | ??? | ))[i]
|
_
|
\li
|
#&
|
_
|
Affricate or double articulation | ||||
| ??? | \LI
|
@&
|
|||||||||
| 501 | ? | '
|
'
|
$S5
|
\'1
|
}
|
'
|
`
|
"
|
Primary stress | |
| 502 | ? | ,
|
`
|
$S3
|
\'2
|
}}
|
,
|
'
|
%
|
Secondary stress | |
| 503 | ? | :
|
|
|
,:
|
\:f
|
:
|
:
|
:
|
:
|
:
|
Long |
| 504 | ? | ;
|
:
|
,.
|
\.f
|
::
|
;
|
:\
|
Half-long | ||
| 505 | ?? | (^
|
*[h]
|
,--
|
\N^
|
***
|
S
|
(
|
_X
|
Extra-short | |
| 506 | . | .
|
$
|
.
|
.
|
#
|
.
|
.
|
Syllable break | ||
| 507 | | | |
|
|
|
.<
|
|
|
Minor (foot) group | |||||
| 508 | ‖ | ||
|
||
|
.=
|
||
|
Major (intonation) group | |||||
| 509 | ? | =)
|
\_u
|
#=
|
-\
|
Linking (absence of a break) | |||||
| 510 | ↗ | /
|
\NE
|
#>>
|
</> or <R>
|
Global rise | |||||
| 511 | ↘ | \
|
\SE
|
#<<
|
<\> or <F>
|
Global fall | |||||
| 512 | ?? | 5
|
5
|
$T5-
|
\
|
@4
|
_9
|
_T
|
Extra-high | ||
| 513 | ?? | 4
|
4
|
$T4-
|
\'^
|
@3
|
_7
|
_H
|
High | ||
| 514 | ?? | 3
|
3
|
$T3-
|
\-^
|
@2
|
_5
|
_M
|
Mid | ||
| 515 | ?? | 2
|
2
|
$T2-
|
\`^
|
@1
|
_3
|
_L
|
Low | ||
| 516 | ?? | 1
|
1
|
$T1-
|
\``
|
@0
|
_1
|
_B
|
Extra-low | ||
| 517 | ? | /)
|
\|u
|
#<
|
^
|
Upstep | |||||
| 518 | ? | \)
|
\|d
|
#>
|
!
|
Downstep | |||||
| 519 | ? | 5
|
5
|
$T5-
|
\-5
|
#4
|
<T>
|
Extra-high | |||
| 520 | ? | 4
|
4
|
$T4-
|
\-4
|
#3
|
<H>
|
High | |||
| 521 | ? | 3
|
3
|
$T3-
|
\-3
|
#2
|
<M>
|
Mid | |||
| 522 | ? | 2
|
2
|
$T2-
|
\-2
|
#1
|
<L>
|
Low | |||
| 523 | ? | 1
|
1
|
$T1-
|
\-1
|
#0
|
<B>
|
Extra-low | |||
| 524 | ?? | 15
|
15
|
$1/
|
\v^
|
@13
|
_L_H, _R or _/
|
Rising | |||
| 525 | ?? | 51
|
51
|
$5\
|
\^^
|
@31
|
_H_L, _F or _\
|
Falling | |||
| 526 | ?? | 35
|
35
|
$3/
|
\-'
|
@23
|
_H_T
|
High-rising | |||
| 527 | ?? | 13
|
13
|
$3\
|
\`-
|
@12
|
_B_L
|
Low-rising | |||
| 528 | ?? | 342
|
342
|
$T3^
|
\rf
|
@131
|
_M_H_L, _R_F or _/_\
|
Rising–falling |
Coverage
[edit]| Scope | Branner | Millar & Oasa | PHONASCII | Praat | SIL | UPSID | Usenet | Worldbet | X-SAMPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consonants (80) | 79 (99%) | 69 (86%) | 67 (84%) | 80 (100%) | 80 (100%) | 75 (94%) | 73 (91%) | 73 (91%) | 79 (99%) |
| Vowels (29) | 29 (100%) | 27 (93%) | 26 (90%) | 29 (100%) | 28 (97%) | 28 (97%) | 28 (97%) | 26 (90%) | 29 (100%) |
| Diacritics (35) | 34 (97%) | 15 (43%) | 25 (71%) | 35 (100%) | 34 (97%) | 12 (34%) | 17 (49%) | 25 (71%) | 26 (74%) |
| Suprasegmentals (28) | 28 (100%) | 20 (71%) | 21 (75%) | 28 (100%) | 28 (100%) | 2 (7%) | 4 (14%) | 11 (39%) | 28 (100%) |
| Total (172) | 170 (99%) | 131 (76%) | 139 (81%) | 172 (100%) | 170 (99%) | 117 (68%) | 122 (71%) | 135 (78%) | 162 (94%) |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l In Worldbet, these combinations are given as merely proposed for values "for which no machine-readable coding has yet been proposed".
- ^ The uvular approximant is represented by
Rin PHONASCII. - ^ a b c
Lrepresents either a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, a velar approximant, or a velarized alveolar lateral approximant in the Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription. - ^ a b
c!represents either an alveolar or palatal click in the Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription. - ^ a b
-represents either retracted or "velarized or pharyngealized" in Millar & Oasa's system. - ^ a b
?and?are not part of ASCII, but are nonetheless proposed as encoding advanced and retracted tongue root, respectively, in Worldbet. - ^
.represents either raised or palatalized in Millar & Oasa's system. - ^ a b
*represents either non-syllabic or extra-short in Millar & Oasa's system. - ^
))representing a tie bar is placed after both segments, as ints)), in Branner's system.
References
[edit]- ^ International Phonetic Association (1993). "Council actions on revisions of the IPA". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1017/S002510030000476X. S2CID 249420050.
- ^ Branner, David Prager (1994). "Proposal for an ASCII Version of the IPA". University of Washington. Archived from the original on 9 February 1999.
- ^ Millar, J. B.; Oasa, H. (1981). "Proposal for ASCII coded phonetic script". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 11 (2): 62–74. doi:10.1017/S0025100300002279. S2CID 146352996.
- ^ Allen, George D. (1988). "The PHONASCII system". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 18 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1017/S0025100300003509. S2CID 143899772.
- ^ Boersma, Paul; Weenink, David (2004–2025). "Phonetic symbols". Praat.
- ^ "IPA (SIL) Keyboard Help". Keyman Help. SIL International.
- ^ Reetz, Henning (23 May 2018). "Simple UPSID interface". Universit?t Frankfurt.
- ^ Gómez-Vilda, Pedro; Ferrández-Vicente, José Manuel; Rodellar-Biarge, Victoria; álvarez-Marquina, Agustín; Mazaira-Fernández, Luis Miguel; Martínez-Olalla, Rafael; Mu?oz-Mulas, Cristina (2009). "Detection of Speech Dynamics by Neuromorphic Units". In Mira, José; Ferrández, José Manuel; álvarez, José R.; de la Paz, Félix; Toledo, F. Javier (eds.). Methods and Models in Artificial and Natural Computation: A Homage to Professor Mira's Scientific Legacy – Third International Work-Conference on the Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2009, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, June 22-26, 2009, Proceedings, Part I. Springer. pp. 67–78. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02264-7_8. ISBN 978-3-642-02263-0. Page 74.
- ^ a b "Language Subtag Registry". IANA. 2025-08-07. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ Kirshenbaum, Evan (6 September 2011). "Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2016.
- ^ Hieronymus, James L. (1994). "ASCII Phonetic Symbols for the World's Languages: Worldbet". AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Memorandum. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.225.9914.
- ^ Wells, John (3 May 2000). "Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA". University College London.
