小伙与女友吵架冲动跳湖 六旬老人果断下水救人

百度 英国政府去年表示将会让私人领域研发验证年龄的工具，但这一进展并不顺利，我们正在小心翼翼的为这件事做准备，我们也正猜测哪些方法能被政府接受，哪些方法不能被接受，软件开放商W2Global的负责人WarrenRussell在接受采访时提到。

In economics, King–Plosser–Rebelo preferences are a particular functional form of utility that is used in many macroeconomic models and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models. Having originally been proposed in an article that appeared in the Journal of Monetary Economics in 1988, the corresponding technical appendix detailing their derivation has only been published in 2002.

Denote consumption with C, leisure with L and the absolute value of the inverse of the intertemporal elasticity of substitution in consumption with $\sigma _{c}$. Strict concavity of the utility function implies $\sigma _{c}>0$. For $0<\sigma _{c}<1$ or $\sigma _{c}>1$ the utility function has the multiplicatively separable form

$u\left({C,L}\right)={\frac {1}{1-{\sigma _{c}}}}{C^{1-{\sigma _{c}}}}v\left(L\right)$

where $v\left(L\right)$ is increasing and concave if $0<\sigma _{c}<1$ or decreasing and convex if $\sigma _{c}>1$. Further restrictions are required to assure overall concavity of the momentarily utility function. In the limit case of $\sigma _{c}=1$ the resulting preferences specification is additively separable and given by

$u\left({C,L}\right)=\ln {C_{t}}+v\left(L\right)$

where $v\left(L\right)$ is increasing and concave.

The reason for the prevalence of this preference specification in macroeconomics is that they are compatible with balanced growth along the optimal steady state. Hence, they are used in many dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, which are typically derived from the neoclassical growth model. The reason for their compatibility with balanced growth is twofold. First, having a constant interest rate in steady state, the growth rate of marginal utility must be constant, which is the case here. Second, having a finite time endowment, balanced growth together with an optimal choice of labor by the agents implies that income and substitution effect of the increase in real wages due to productivity increases must cancel each other.

Shortcut to achieve balanced growth compatibility

To have additively separable preferences along with balanced growth, some studies use the shortcut of introducing a scaling factor containing the level of labor augmenting technology before the leisure term. An example of such a utility function would be $u\left(C,L\right)={\frac {1}{1-\sigma _{c}}}C^{1-\sigma _{c}}-z^{1-\sigma _{c}}{\frac {\left(1-L\right)^{1+\kappa }}{1+\kappa }}$

Where $\kappa$ denotes the inverse of the Frisch elasticity of labor supply and z is the level of labor augmenting technology.

Relationship to other common macroeconomic preference types

KPR-preferences are one polar case nested in Jaimovich–Rebelo preferences. The latter allow to freely scale the wealth effect on the labor supply. The other polar case is the Greenwood–Hercowitz–Huffman preferences, where the wealth effect on the labor supply is completely shut off. However, this naturally implies that they are incompatible with a balanced growth path.